Atoms and Molecules
-Intro to Chemistry
1. What is Matter? Anything that has mass and takes up space.
2. Does air have mass? Yes
3. What do chemists study? What thing are made of, how they react to one another, and how they react to the environment.
-Atoms
1. What is an atom? The building block of life everything is made up of atoms.
2. What are the three parts of an atom? Electrons, Neutrons, and Protons.
3. What electrical charge does each part of an atom have? Electrons=Negative Charge, Neutrons= Neutral Charge, Protons=Positive Charge.
4. What is the nucleus of an atom? the nucleus is the part in the centre with the Neutrons and the
Protons.
5. What part of the atom determines what type of atom it is? The number of Protons in the Nucleus.
6. What is a valence electron? the Electrons farthest from the Nucleus.
-Atomic Mass
1. What are the three particles that make up an atom? protons, neutrons and electrons
2. What is the atomic number of an atom? The number of protons in the atom.
3. What is the atomic mass of an atom? the protons and neutrons added together.
4. How can you determine the number of electrons, protons, neutrons in an atom if you are given the atomic number and atomic mass? Take the number on the top of the periodic table of elements that is the amount of Protons The number of Electrons is equal to the number of Protons so you now know the number of Electrons and Protons. Now take the number of Protons and subtract it from the atomic mass and you have your answer.
-Molecules
1. What is a molecule? A group of Chemically connected atoms.
2. What is a diatomic molecule? When two atoms of the same material combine.
3. What is a compound? When two atoms of different elements combine.
Elements
-Periodic table of elements
1. How many valence electrons do the elements in each column have?
2. What four pieces of information are included for each element in any periodic table of the elements? The name, the symbol, the atomic number, and the atomic mass
3. What do all elements in a column on the periodic table have in common? The number of Electrons.
-Metals
What are the six characteristics of most metals? Silvery Luster on the surface, Solid at room temperature, Malleable, Ductile, Good conductor of electricity, tend to be very reactive.
How many valence electrons do most metals have? Three.
What is a metalloid? A diagonal line of metals.
-Nonmetals
Wat are some common characteristics of nonmetals? They generally do not have a silvery luster or shiny appearance. they are poor conductors of electricity, at room temperature some nonmetals are solid some are liquid but most are gasses.
What is the most common state, solid, liquid, or gas, for nonmetal elements? Gas.
Why are halogens very reactive? Because they only need one electron to fill their outer shell.
Why are noble gases very non-reactive? Because they have a full outer of electrons.
-Intro to Chemistry
1. What is Matter? Anything that has mass and takes up space.
2. Does air have mass? Yes
3. What do chemists study? What thing are made of, how they react to one another, and how they react to the environment.
-Atoms
1. What is an atom? The building block of life everything is made up of atoms.
2. What are the three parts of an atom? Electrons, Neutrons, and Protons.
3. What electrical charge does each part of an atom have? Electrons=Negative Charge, Neutrons= Neutral Charge, Protons=Positive Charge.
4. What is the nucleus of an atom? the nucleus is the part in the centre with the Neutrons and the
Protons.
5. What part of the atom determines what type of atom it is? The number of Protons in the Nucleus.
6. What is a valence electron? the Electrons farthest from the Nucleus.
-Atomic Mass
1. What are the three particles that make up an atom? protons, neutrons and electrons
2. What is the atomic number of an atom? The number of protons in the atom.
3. What is the atomic mass of an atom? the protons and neutrons added together.
4. How can you determine the number of electrons, protons, neutrons in an atom if you are given the atomic number and atomic mass? Take the number on the top of the periodic table of elements that is the amount of Protons The number of Electrons is equal to the number of Protons so you now know the number of Electrons and Protons. Now take the number of Protons and subtract it from the atomic mass and you have your answer.
-Molecules
1. What is a molecule? A group of Chemically connected atoms.
2. What is a diatomic molecule? When two atoms of the same material combine.
3. What is a compound? When two atoms of different elements combine.
Elements
-Periodic table of elements
1. How many valence electrons do the elements in each column have?
2. What four pieces of information are included for each element in any periodic table of the elements? The name, the symbol, the atomic number, and the atomic mass
3. What do all elements in a column on the periodic table have in common? The number of Electrons.
-Metals
What are the six characteristics of most metals? Silvery Luster on the surface, Solid at room temperature, Malleable, Ductile, Good conductor of electricity, tend to be very reactive.
How many valence electrons do most metals have? Three.
What is a metalloid? A diagonal line of metals.
-Nonmetals
Wat are some common characteristics of nonmetals? They generally do not have a silvery luster or shiny appearance. they are poor conductors of electricity, at room temperature some nonmetals are solid some are liquid but most are gasses.
What is the most common state, solid, liquid, or gas, for nonmetal elements? Gas.
Why are halogens very reactive? Because they only need one electron to fill their outer shell.
Experiment
We first soaked half of an egg in toothpaste for three days
Then we put the egg in vinegar for a day.
At the end of the day half of the egg caved in and the other half stayed strong.
-Hydrogen
1. What is the most common element in the universe? Hydrogen.
2. What is the atomic structure of hydrogen? 1
3. What is the atomic number for hydrogen? 1
4. Why is hydrogen sometimes grouped with alkali metals? because hydrogen can give up one electron.
5. Why is hydrogen sometimes grouped with the halogens? Because hydrogen reacts like a halogen.
-Carbon
1.What is the atomic number and atomic structure of carbon? 6, 12.
2.What makes a compound an organic compound? A compound made out of carbon.
3.Name two common forms of carbon. Diamond, and graphite.
4.What is one by product of buying coal? Carbon Dioxide.
-Oxygen
1.What is the atomic structure of oxygen? 16
2.How is ozone different from the oxygen we breath? It filters out radiation from the sun and it is toxic.
-Ionic Bonding
1.What is the main feature in a atom that determines how it will bond with other atoms? The number of valence electrons.
2.What kind of bond is formed when one atom gives up electrons and the other atom takes the electrons from it? An ionic bond.
3.What is electronegativity? The ability of an atom to attract electrons.
4.Why are compounds that are formed when one element takes electrons from another called ionic compounds? Because an ion is formed when electrons are added or taken away.
5.What are some common characteristics of ionic compounds? -different negativities -one has high electronegativity other one has low electronegativity -ionic compounds have high melting points.
6.Which element has a higher electronegativity chlorine or potassium? chlorine
-Covalent Bonding
1.What is a covalent bond? When atoms have a similar amount of valence electrons and do not give them up but when they bond they share electrons.
2.What are some common characteristics of covalent compounds? They are strong and flexible, they are lightweight, and do not dissolve easily in water.
3.What is the most common covalent compound on earth? Oxygen.
-Metallic Bonding
1.What is the free electron model? Metals that share electrons on a grand scale.
2.How many valence electrons do metals usually have? 1 2 or 3
3.What are common characteristics of metallic compounds? Metals do not form ionic bonds with other metals. Metals do not form covalent bonds.
-Mining & Metal Alloys
1.What element is combined with most metals to form metal ore? Oxygen
2.What must be done to metal oxides to obtain pure metal? They must be smelted
3.What is an alloy? A metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion.
4.Why are alloys produced? Because alloys are more resilient and easier to work with.
-Crystals
1.What is a Crystal? Solids whose atoms are arranged in an orderly pattern.
2.How do Crystals form? Some materials for crystals when the liquid form freezes or becomes a solid.
3.What is an artificial gem? An artificial gem is a gem that is produced by the same chemicals as a natural gem and are melted and cooled very slowly, sometimes under pressure.
4.Where would you look to find Crystals? Among rocks and minerals.
-Ceramics
1. What is a ceramic? A ceramic is a non organic, non metallic material that is formed by heat.
2. What are some examples of traditional ceramics? Pottery, brick, porcelain and glass
3. What makes ceramics hard? The clay inside.
4. What are some advantages of modern ceramics? They can make article joints in medical procedures, as heat absorbing tiles in the underside of the space shuttle, or for tools.
-Chemical Reactions
1.What is a chemical reaction? A chemical reaction occurs when atomic bonds are formed or broken.
2.What are the initial ingredients in a chemical reaction called? Reactants or Reagents.
3.What are are the resulting substances of a chemical reaction called? Products.
-Chemical Equation
1.What is a chemical equation? A method of describing what happens in a chemical reaction.
2.What are the elements or compounds on the left side of a chemical equation called? The reactant.
3.What are the elements or compounds on the right side of a chemical equation called? The product.
-Catalysts
1.What is a catalyst? It is a substance that speeds up a reaction.
2.How does a catalyst work? It reduces the amount of energy needed in a reaction causing the process to speed up.
3.What is an inhibitor? A negative catalyst.
4.What is a enzyme? A part of a cell that helps to speed up bodily reactions.
-Carbon
1.What is the atomic number and atomic structure of carbon? 6, 12.
2.What makes a compound an organic compound? A compound made out of carbon.
3.Name two common forms of carbon. Diamond, and graphite.
4.What is one by product of buying coal? Carbon Dioxide.
-Oxygen
1.What is the atomic structure of oxygen? 16
2.How is ozone different from the oxygen we breath? It filters out radiation from the sun and it is toxic.
-Ionic Bonding
1.What is the main feature in a atom that determines how it will bond with other atoms? The number of valence electrons.
2.What kind of bond is formed when one atom gives up electrons and the other atom takes the electrons from it? An ionic bond.
3.What is electronegativity? The ability of an atom to attract electrons.
4.Why are compounds that are formed when one element takes electrons from another called ionic compounds? Because an ion is formed when electrons are added or taken away.
5.What are some common characteristics of ionic compounds? -different negativities -one has high electronegativity other one has low electronegativity -ionic compounds have high melting points.
6.Which element has a higher electronegativity chlorine or potassium? chlorine
-Covalent Bonding
1.What is a covalent bond? When atoms have a similar amount of valence electrons and do not give them up but when they bond they share electrons.
2.What are some common characteristics of covalent compounds? They are strong and flexible, they are lightweight, and do not dissolve easily in water.
3.What is the most common covalent compound on earth? Oxygen.
-Metallic Bonding
1.What is the free electron model? Metals that share electrons on a grand scale.
2.How many valence electrons do metals usually have? 1 2 or 3
3.What are common characteristics of metallic compounds? Metals do not form ionic bonds with other metals. Metals do not form covalent bonds.
-Mining & Metal Alloys
1.What element is combined with most metals to form metal ore? Oxygen
2.What must be done to metal oxides to obtain pure metal? They must be smelted
3.What is an alloy? A metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion.
4.Why are alloys produced? Because alloys are more resilient and easier to work with.
-Crystals
1.What is a Crystal? Solids whose atoms are arranged in an orderly pattern.
2.How do Crystals form? Some materials for crystals when the liquid form freezes or becomes a solid.
3.What is an artificial gem? An artificial gem is a gem that is produced by the same chemicals as a natural gem and are melted and cooled very slowly, sometimes under pressure.
4.Where would you look to find Crystals? Among rocks and minerals.
-Ceramics
1. What is a ceramic? A ceramic is a non organic, non metallic material that is formed by heat.
2. What are some examples of traditional ceramics? Pottery, brick, porcelain and glass
3. What makes ceramics hard? The clay inside.
4. What are some advantages of modern ceramics? They can make article joints in medical procedures, as heat absorbing tiles in the underside of the space shuttle, or for tools.
-Chemical Reactions
1.What is a chemical reaction? A chemical reaction occurs when atomic bonds are formed or broken.
2.What are the initial ingredients in a chemical reaction called? Reactants or Reagents.
3.What are are the resulting substances of a chemical reaction called? Products.
-Chemical Equation
1.What is a chemical equation? A method of describing what happens in a chemical reaction.
2.What are the elements or compounds on the left side of a chemical equation called? The reactant.
3.What are the elements or compounds on the right side of a chemical equation called? The product.
-Catalysts
1.What is a catalyst? It is a substance that speeds up a reaction.
2.How does a catalyst work? It reduces the amount of energy needed in a reaction causing the process to speed up.
3.What is an inhibitor? A negative catalyst.
4.What is a enzyme? A part of a cell that helps to speed up bodily reactions.
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